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System Design Golden Rules

anupjha

anupjha

@imanupjha

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Each system design focuses on specific technical challenges that are central to that particular application's core functionality and user experience! Here's a comprehensive breakdown of the focus areas for each system design question:

1. Social Networks & Messaging

Design Twitter Feed

  • Focus: Scalability, Fan-out architecture, Timeline generation, Caching strategies

Design Instagram Feed

  • Focus: Image/media storage, CDN distribution, Feed ranking algorithms, Caching

Design WhatsApp Messaging

  • Focus: Real-time messaging, End-to-end encryption, Message delivery guarantees, Offline message handling

Design Facebook Messenger

  • Focus: Real-time communication, Message persistence, Read receipts, Group messaging scalability

Design Twitter Direct Messages

  • Focus: Real-time messaging, Message threading, Encryption, User presence/online status

Design Instagram Stories

  • Focus: Ephemeral content, TTL (Time-to-Live), Media processing, CDN delivery, View tracking

Design Instagram Ads

  • Focus: Targeting algorithms, Auction system, Budget pacing, Analytics & tracking, A/B testing

Design Twitter Notifications

  • Focus: Push notification delivery, Notification aggregation, User preferences, Delivery guarantees

Design Tinder

  • Focus: Geospatial indexing, Matching algorithms, Real-time messaging, Recommendation system

Design Reddit

  • Focus: Voting system, Comment threading, Ranking algorithms, Caching, Sharding

Design Facebook News Feed

  • Focus: Feed ranking (EdgeRank), Content aggregation, Personalization, Real-time updates

Design LinkedIn Connections

  • Focus: Graph database, Connection recommendations, Mutual connections, Network traversal

Design Notification Service

  • Focus: Multi-channel delivery (push, email, SMS), Rate limiting, Retry mechanisms, Prioritization

Design Facebook Messenger Payments

  • Focus: Payment processing, Transaction consistency, Security, PCI compliance, Fraud detection

2. Media Streaming & Recommendations

Design Spotify Playlist

  • Focus: Collaborative filtering, Playlist storage, Real-time collaboration, Conflict resolution

Design Netflix Playlist

  • Focus: User preferences storage, Continue watching state, Cross-device sync

Design Netflix Recommendations

  • Focus: Machine learning pipelines, Collaborative filtering, A/B testing, Personalization at scale

Design YouTube Streaming

  • Focus: Adaptive bitrate streaming, CDN strategy, Video transcoding, Global distribution

Design Spotify Connect

  • Focus: Multi-device sync, Real-time state management, Device discovery, Low-latency communication

Design Spotify Discover Weekly

  • Focus: Recommendation algorithms, Batch processing, User taste profiling, Music graph

Design Instagram Reels

  • Focus: Video processing, Recommendation feed, Engagement metrics, CDN delivery

Design TikTok Feed

  • Focus: For You Page algorithm, Video recommendations, Engagement tracking, Real-time updates

Design YouTube

  • Focus: Video upload/processing, Transcoding pipeline, Search & discovery, View counting

Design Amazon Recommendations

  • Focus: Collaborative filtering, Item-to-item recommendations, Real-time personalization, A/B testing

3. E-commerce & Marketplaces

Design Amazon Shopping Cart

  • Focus: Session management, Inventory reservation, Cart persistence, Consistency guarantees

Design Amazon E-commerce Store

  • Focus: Product catalog, Search & filtering, Inventory management, Order processing, Scalability

Design Shopify Store

  • Focus: Multi-tenancy, Theme customization, Payment integration, Scalability for merchants

Design Flight Booking System

  • Focus: Seat inventory, Concurrent booking handling, ACID transactions, Distributed locking

Design Stock Exchange System

  • Focus: Low latency, Order matching engine, ACID transactions, High throughput, Fairness

Design Payment System

  • Focus: Transaction consistency, Idempotency, Security, Reconciliation, Fraud detection

Design Uber Eats

  • Focus: Three-sided marketplace, Real-time tracking, Order matching, Routing optimization

Design Uber Dispatch System

  • Focus: Geospatial matching, Real-time location tracking, Supply-demand balancing, Routing

Design Food Delivery App

  • Focus: Order management, Real-time tracking, Delivery optimization, Restaurant/driver coordination

Design Uber Pool

  • Focus: Ride matching algorithms, Route optimization, Dynamic pricing, Real-time adjustments

Design Uber Freight

  • Focus: Load matching, Route optimization, Capacity management, Marketplace dynamics

Design Booking System (BookMyShow)

  • Focus: Seat reservation, Concurrency control, Payment integration, Ticket generation

4. File Storage, Collaboration & Productivity

Design Google Drive

  • Focus: File storage, Metadata management, Sync across devices, Sharing permissions, Versioning

Design Google Docs

  • Focus: Real-time collaboration, Operational Transformation (OT) or CRDT, Conflict resolution, Auto-save

Design Dropbox File Sharing

  • Focus: File sync, Chunking & deduplication, Conflict resolution, Delta sync

Design Distributed Cloud Storage (S3)

  • Focus: Object storage, Replication, Durability, Availability, Versioning, Partitioning

Design Online Code Editor

  • Focus: Real-time collaboration, Syntax highlighting, Code execution sandbox, Low latency

Design Code Deployment System

  • Focus: CI/CD pipeline, Blue-green deployment, Rollback mechanisms, Health checks, Orchestration

Design File Sharing System

  • Focus: Upload/download optimization, Access control, Link generation, Expiration policies

Design Distributed Web Crawler

  • Focus: URL frontier, Politeness policies, Deduplication, Distributed coordination, Scalability

5. Infrastructure & Distributed Systems

Design Distributed Message Queue (Kafka)

  • Focus: Message ordering, Partitioning, Replication, Durability, Consumer groups, Scalability

Design Amazon SQS

  • Focus: At-least-once delivery, Message visibility timeout, Dead letter queues, Scalability

Design Distributed Locking Service

  • Focus: Consensus algorithms (Raft/Paxos), Fault tolerance, Lock acquisition/release, Deadlock prevention

Design Amazon EC2

  • Focus: Resource allocation, VM provisioning, Load balancing, Auto-scaling, Multi-tenancy

Design Amazon DynamoDB

  • Focus: NoSQL design, Partitioning, Consistent hashing, Eventual consistency, GSI/LSI

Design Amazon Redshift

  • Focus: Data warehousing, Columnar storage, Query optimization, ETL pipelines, Analytics

Design AWS S3

  • Focus: Object storage, Replication, Durability (11 9s), Versioning, Lifecycle policies

Design Google Analytics

  • Focus: Event collection, Real-time processing, Data aggregation, Report generation, Scalability

Design Analytics Platform (Metrics & Logging)

  • Focus: Log aggregation, Time-series data, Real-time dashboards, Data retention, Query performance

6. Search & Discovery

Design Google Search

  • Focus: Web crawling, Indexing, Ranking algorithms (PageRank), Query processing, Distributed systems

Design Twitter Search

  • Focus: Real-time indexing, Relevance ranking, Hashtag search, User search, Scalability

Design Autocomplete for Search Engines

  • Focus: Trie data structure, Prefix matching, Ranking suggestions, Caching, Low latency
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